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  • Solar Cell & Module Manufacturing
    • Silicon wafer production
      • Polysilicon Production
      • Upgraded metallurgical grade (UMG) silicon
      • Ingot impurity calculator
      • Float zone silicon
      • Cz Monocrystalline Silicon Production
      • Multicrystalline silicon production
      • Casted monocrystalline silicon
      • Wafering
        • Measuring wafer quality
      • Direct wafering technology
      • Wafer Sizes
    • Silicon crystallograpy
    • Etching
      • Saw damage etching
      • Alkaline texturing
      • Acid texturing
      • Other texturing methods
    • Wet Chemical Cleaning
    • Tube diffusion
      • Selective emitters
      • Characterisation of doped silicon
      • Diffusion basics
      • Gettering
      • Ion Implantation
    • Edge isolation
    • Antireflection coating
      • PECVD of Silicon Nitride
      • Surface passivation
      • Atomic Layer Deposition
    • Screen printing & co-firing
      • Physical vapour deposition
      • Laser Assisted Firing
    • Solar Cell Measurement
    • Silicon-Based Solar Cells
      • PERC Solar Cells
      • Tunnel Oxide Passivated Contact (TOPCon) Solar Cells
      • Silicon Heterojunction Solar Cells
      • All back contact solar cells
      • Silicon-based tandem solar cells
    • PV Module Manufacturing
      • Cell to module (CTM) losses
      • Potential Induced Degradation
      • Snail Trails
  • Metrology
    • Solar Cell Measurement
    • Photoluminescence Imaging
    • Cathodoluminescence imaging
    • External quantum efficiency
    • Characterisation of doped silicon
    • Measuring wafer quality
    • Photoconductance decay
      • Recombination currents in a solar cell
      • Recombination processes
    • Suns-Voc
    • Inline quality checks
    • Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy
    • Spectroscopic ellipsometry
    • Time of flight secondary ion mass spectroscopy (Tof-SIMS)
  • Recent developments
    • Detailed-balance analysis of Record Efficiency Solar Cells
    • Recent advances in PV modules
      • Half-Cells PV Modules
      • Glass-Glass PV Modules
      • Multi-Busbars Solar Cells & Modules
      • Bifacial Solar Cells and Modules
      • Shingled PV Modules
      • Paved PV Modules
    • Carrier-Induced Recombination
      • Copper light-induced-degradation (LID)
      • Light and elevated Temperature Induced Degradation (LeTID)
    • Carrier selective contacts for silicon solar cells
      • Low-temperature carrier selective contacts for silicon solar cells
  • Teaching Resources
    • Sunsolve Tutorials
      • Optimisation of Surface Textures
      • Antireflection Coating and Colour
      • SunSolve – Bifacial vs Monofacial
      • Optimising Bill of Materials
      • Metallisation
      • Metallisation, More Busbars
      • Incident Angle Modifier
      • Cell Mismatch
      • Heterojunction and Passivating Contacts on Solar Cells
    • PV Factory Tutorials
      • Introduction to PV Factory & Some Basic Statistics
      • PVfactory 1 – Saw Damage Removal Etch
      • PVfactory 2 – Alkaline Texturing
      • PVfactory 3 – Acidic Texturing
      • PVfactory 4 – Phosphorus Diffusion
      • PVFactory 5 – Edge Junction Isolation by Plasma Etching
      • PVFactory 6 – Silicon Nitride Antireflection Coating
      • PVFactory 7 – Screen Printing
      • PVFactory 8 – Cofiring
  • Contact
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PV-Manufacturing.org

The free online resource about photovoltaic manufacturing

  • Home
  • Solar Cell & Module Manufacturing
    • Silicon wafer production
      • Polysilicon Production
      • Upgraded metallurgical grade (UMG) silicon
      • Ingot impurity calculator
      • Float zone silicon
      • Cz Monocrystalline Silicon Production
      • Multicrystalline silicon production
      • Casted monocrystalline silicon
      • Wafering
        • Measuring wafer quality
      • Direct wafering technology
      • Wafer Sizes
    • Silicon crystallograpy
    • Etching
      • Saw damage etching
      • Alkaline texturing
      • Acid texturing
      • Other texturing methods
    • Wet Chemical Cleaning
    • Tube diffusion
      • Selective emitters
      • Characterisation of doped silicon
      • Diffusion basics
      • Gettering
      • Ion Implantation
    • Edge isolation
    • Antireflection coating
      • PECVD of Silicon Nitride
      • Surface passivation
      • Atomic Layer Deposition
    • Screen printing & co-firing
      • Physical vapour deposition
      • Laser Assisted Firing
    • Solar Cell Measurement
    • Silicon-Based Solar Cells
      • PERC Solar Cells
      • Tunnel Oxide Passivated Contact (TOPCon) Solar Cells
      • Silicon Heterojunction Solar Cells
      • All back contact solar cells
      • Silicon-based tandem solar cells
    • PV Module Manufacturing
      • Cell to module (CTM) losses
      • Potential Induced Degradation
      • Snail Trails
  • Metrology
    • Solar Cell Measurement
    • Photoluminescence Imaging
    • Cathodoluminescence imaging
    • External quantum efficiency
    • Characterisation of doped silicon
    • Measuring wafer quality
    • Photoconductance decay
      • Recombination currents in a solar cell
      • Recombination processes
    • Suns-Voc
    • Inline quality checks
    • Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy
    • Spectroscopic ellipsometry
    • Time of flight secondary ion mass spectroscopy (Tof-SIMS)
  • Recent developments
    • Detailed-balance analysis of Record Efficiency Solar Cells
    • Recent advances in PV modules
      • Half-Cells PV Modules
      • Glass-Glass PV Modules
      • Multi-Busbars Solar Cells & Modules
      • Bifacial Solar Cells and Modules
      • Shingled PV Modules
      • Paved PV Modules
    • Carrier-Induced Recombination
      • Copper light-induced-degradation (LID)
      • Light and elevated Temperature Induced Degradation (LeTID)
    • Carrier selective contacts for silicon solar cells
      • Low-temperature carrier selective contacts for silicon solar cells
  • Teaching Resources
    • Sunsolve Tutorials
      • Optimisation of Surface Textures
      • Antireflection Coating and Colour
      • SunSolve – Bifacial vs Monofacial
      • Optimising Bill of Materials
      • Metallisation
      • Metallisation, More Busbars
      • Incident Angle Modifier
      • Cell Mismatch
      • Heterojunction and Passivating Contacts on Solar Cells
    • PV Factory Tutorials
      • Introduction to PV Factory & Some Basic Statistics
      • PVfactory 1 – Saw Damage Removal Etch
      • PVfactory 2 – Alkaline Texturing
      • PVfactory 3 – Acidic Texturing
      • PVfactory 4 – Phosphorus Diffusion
      • PVFactory 5 – Edge Junction Isolation by Plasma Etching
      • PVFactory 6 – Silicon Nitride Antireflection Coating
      • PVFactory 7 – Screen Printing
      • PVFactory 8 – Cofiring
  • Contact
  • About

Solar Cell & Module Manufacturing

In this section of the website, we describe the manufacturing processes used for producing the standard silicon photovoltaic module.

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